Soldier Pile retaining walls are cantilevered earth retaining walls and are a complete engineered solution. The wall system is a combination of W-section structural steel posts which are imbedded into augured cylindrical concrete footings with precast lagging panels & copings installed between and spanning from post to post. The soldier pile wall (Berlin wall) is usually used when shoring temporary excavations of foundation pits with bottom above the ground water table. The soil, which is being secured, must have some coherence to prevent the pit from collapsing before lagging is installed. This shoring structure consists of soldier piles, lagging and alternatively ... - Soldier Pile Walls. Of the above, Cantilever retaining wall, Tieback walls, Driller Pier walls and Solider pile walls are the most commonly engineered walls. Gravity walls are …Tiered Soldier Pile Wall - Impact Loads. For a two wall system where both walls are 6 feet tall and 4 feet apart (confined by a cut condition near railroad tracks). I'm looking at assessing the loads imparted on these walls but getting significantly larger embedments for the lower tier of the two walls. I'm using shoring suite to run the ...27 Nov 2014 ... Placement of wood lagging between soldier beams (solider piles) as the retaining wall starts to head downward, as does the excavation.Soldier pile retaining walls, also called soldier beam walls, are generally used at construction sites for temporary shoring. Steel piles are driven into the ...Soldier pile retaining wall is a type of retaining wall that uses steel beams and wood lagging to oppose or withstand the moment exerted by soil …Soldier Piles & Lagging Terra Site Co. 2021-12-09T20:29:20-05:00 Terra Constructs provides various Soldier Piles and Lagging solutions to meet your unique retaining wall needs. INSTALL PROCESS:Precast Lagging Panels & Copings for soldier pile retaining wall solutions. Soldier pile walls are used on sites where there is an abrupt grade change required to facilitate the functionality of the site. Soldier Pile retaining walls using lagging panels are a permanent solution for grade manipulation and can facilitate abrupt slopes and ...This video visually explains the work sequences for the Installation of Soldier Piles.openings. Wall widths of 18 inches to 48 inches are typical, with 36 inch wide walls being the most common. Wider walls are available, but are not as common. b. Soldier Pile and Tremie Concrete (SPTC) Walls: Soldier Pile and Tremie Concrete Walls are walls primarily reinforced with vertical wide flange steel sections.Soldier piles can be drilled to the largest possible pile diameter. As soldier piering specialists we consult with engineers to design the best piling and piering solution for each site, or work to already-developed engineer-designed plans. For more information, contact the piling experts at Solmer Civil on 0418 497921. soldier pile wall without p. g. a. timber 2" min. bearing length 1½" min. clr. cover shim as necessary for to p.g.a. assembly (typ.) full bearing. pga ¢ pile 3" min. clr. cover where necessary chip out to soldier pile (typ.) shaft backfill to place painting the pile. lagging (typ.) see table this sheet ã' 45° + 2 permanent timber (5' min.) Ground anchor walls. Falling under the catego ry of anchored walls, these walls are soldier pile walls employing ground anchors. When the overhead room is limited, concrete diaphragm walls are used with ground anchors without piles. Section 11.2.4 addresses design considerations and a design example o f a ground anchor soldier pile wall.Tiered Soldier Pile Wall - Impact Loads. For a two wall system where both walls are 6 feet tall and 4 feet apart (confined by a cut condition near railroad tracks). I'm looking at assessing the loads imparted on these walls but getting significantly larger embedments for the lower tier of the two walls. I'm using shoring suite to run the ...Learn how soldier pile walls, also called beam and lagging walls, are used in deep excavation projects for earth retention. Nucor Skyline produces the beams and wood or …Nov 5, 2017 · Learn how to design a cantilever soldier pile or embedded retaining wall for excavation heights over 5 ft (1.5 m) using different methods of backfill earth pressure and passive earth resistance. Find out how to check the structural beam reinforcement, loading diagram and slope at the toe or dredge line. Soldier piles A soldier pile wall using reclaimed railway sleepers as lagging. Soldier piles, also known as king piles or Berlin walls, are constructed of steel H sections spaced about 2 to 3 m apart and are driven or drilled prior to excavation. As the excavation proceeds, horizontal timber sheeting (lagging) is inserted behind the H pile flanges. Driving sheet piling would potentially cause issues in the existing building. Soldier pile and lagging has constructability concerns. Tangent/secant walls are fairly stiff, provide minimal disturbance the the adjacent property, and if designed correctly could be used as the foundation wall for the new building.Fig. 2 shows the dimensions and geometry of the underground structures (thermally activated soldier pile wall and non-activated slabs) for the adopted scenario in both top and side views. In order to broaden the scope of this research and provide a more holistic view of their thermal performance, three important parameters, the soldier pile …Learn how soldier piles and lagging walls are used for deep excavations in various soil conditions and building projects. Find out the design, installation, and …The average salary of a legionary, the official title of a Roman soldier, was approximately only 112 denarii per year. This amount was doubled during the reign of Julius Caesar to ...Soldier Piles & Palisade Walls ... Sometimes known as inground walls or barrier pile walls, palisade walls using soldier piles with a capping beam are an ...A. Project Description. This design example presents a case with a braced excavation system, supporting a 25ft excavation. Four soil layers are considered, and a 0.6 ksf surcharge is included at the top. The wall section is soldier piles (HP16x101 @ 8ft) with 2'' timber lagging. The wall is supported by 2 rows of rakers, that are both based on ...Feb 28, 2022 · A soldier pile wall is a a “top-down” retaining wall consisting of vertical steel piles, wood lagging, and anchors as required. The purpose is to construct a retaining wall (temporary or permanent) where sloping per OSHA is not possible due to existing structures, utilities, or property lines. Soldier piles are the most common shoring ... We were contracted to design and install 21,700 sft of soldier pile and timber lagging earth retention with exposed heights reaching 28 feet. What are soldier pile and lagging walls? Soldier pile and lagging walls are retention systems used to … Tangent piles do not overlap but are intended to effectively touch or almost touch. The constructed tangent pile wall is used to retain lateral loads and may receive a permanent façade to reduce the costs of an additional interior cast wall. Advantages. Increased construction alignment flexibility. Increased wall stiffness compared to sheet piles. Soldier piles and lagging retains soil, using vertical steel piles with horizontal lagging. Whether an open or low headroom site, Keller has the equipment an... Get ratings and reviews for the top 11 lawn companies in Soldier, KS. Helping you find the best lawn companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home All Projects Featur...Soldier Piles & Palisade Walls. Sometimes known as inground walls or barrier pile walls, palisade walls using soldier piles with a capping beam are an effective ground retention solution. Inground retaining walls utilize deep piles, generally either encased timber or reinforced concrete piles, closely spaced, embedded into the …Soldier pile walls Brief description. The construction pit is fitted with a vertical retaining wall using H-shaped metal profiles with concrete or steel retaining plates in between. Method of execution. H-shaped metal profiles are vertically vibrated into the ground with a high-frequency vibrator; A soldier pile wall is similar to driller pier wall with the exception of a wide "W " or "H" section is used in the pile instead of rebar cage. Wood lagging or wood sleepers spans between the soldier piles and temporarily hold up the soil until the permanent wall is installed. The precast Counterfort wall (CW) system is a revolutionary precast alternative with advantageous features. The system consists of a series of precast Tee-shape wall panels integrated with fully or partially precast Tee-bases. It is essentially the improved version of Tripod wall by having higher precast contents, and suitable …Secant pile walls are installed as cast in situ bored or CFA piles, and often installed through a temporary concrete guide. The guide ensures that piles are accurately located to achieve an interlock (or ‘secant’) cut into the adjacent pile. A sequence of works is carefully considered to install the retaining wall and the control of the ...Soldier piles and wood lagging systems are commonly used and are extremely cost efficient. Soldier piles are driven or predrilled at intervals along the wall’s baseline. If a predrilled approach is used, holes are drilled, grout is placed, and an H-pile is installed in the hole, thereby providing a vibration-free installation. As the excavation in front […]Soldier Piles & Palisade Walls ... Sometimes known as inground walls or barrier pile walls, palisade walls using soldier piles with a capping beam are an ...Soldier Pile Wall Project (Project) and has prepared this Initial Study with Mitigated Negative Declaration. The Project is located on State Route (SR 1), from 0.5 mile north of Meyers Grade Road to 0.9 mile north of Meyers Grade Road, north of the Town of Soldier pile walls consist of wide flange posts – primary structural elements, and lagging panels – secondary structural elements. The former is either forced into the ground to an adequate depth or installed into prebored holes, which are drilled along the planned wall alignment in advance, then encased in lean concrete; the latter is placed horizontally after excavation is completed and ... An example of analyzing one soldier pile retaining wall is presented in this paper to illustrate the proposed method. The simplified method of accounting for the soil-pile-wall interaction may be used to estimate the lateral soil seismic driving forces on piles/walls without the uncertainty in determining the seismic coefficient related to the …Soldier pile wall is another type of commonly used retaining wall. It is constructed by vibrating steel beam members, known as soldier piles, into the ground at typically 1.5m distance. Steel plates, or concrete panels known as laggings are installed between the soldier piles. This also create a barrier similiar to the sheet piles wall.The solution adopted was an anchored soldier pile wall of 8 m depth around the excavation, where the soldier piles (H section steel piles) were driven into semi dense silty sand. Two lines of ...“Guilt is a part of the battlefield that often goes unrecognized,” writes Nancy Sherman, a professor at Ge “Guilt is a part of the battlefield that often goes unrecognized,” writes...Soldier piles and lagging walls are used primarily for temporary excavation support. These walls are constructed by installing vertical soldier piles, typically H beams, from the original grade before excavation begins. The excavation is performed in lifts of 4’ to 5’ so that the timber lagging can be installed betweenThe Falcon and the Winter Soldier, the latest Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) property released on Disney+, might be the show with the most-watched series premiere on Disney’s stre...ABSTRACT. In this study, a numerical iteration method is proposed to analyze the behavior of tieback soldier pile walls sustaining complex external loads. The proposed iteration method integrates the analysis features of the common engineering analysis software LPILE and SAP2000, which is a refined 2D …OKA “Post & Board” retaining wall system has been developed based on design philosophy of soldier pile wall. The soldier pile is designed either as simple cantilever or as tie-back system on less favorable ground conditions. Material specifications in principal satisfy Section 7 of BS 8004:1986 on the requirements …The precast Counterfort wall (CW) system is a revolutionary precast alternative with advantageous features. The system consists of a series of precast Tee-shape wall panels integrated with fully or partially precast Tee-bases. It is essentially the improved version of Tripod wall by having higher precast contents, and suitable …Soldier pile walls typically are constructed with steel H-beams spaced 1–3 m apart that are driven into the ground vertically, or placed into drilled holes that are then backfilled with concrete. The H-configuration is controlled so that the open ends are aligned to permit placement of timber elements, called lagging, into the slot created by the …Apr 15, 2021 · Anchor Installation. Anchors are typically installed on the 2nd lift of the soldier pile wall at a depth of 8′ to 10′. The anchors can be angled up to 45 degrees to get below existing utilities. Additional rows of anchors are installed every 10′ to 15′ feet below the 1st row of anchors. SOLDIER PILE. DRILLED HOLE. DRILLED HOLE = 3. " M in. C lr xs12-070. SOLDIER PILE WALL WITH GROUND ANCHORS or ASTM A36/A36M. ASTM A572/A, ASTM 572M Grade 50 Min ...Vertical Stability of Anchored Concrete Soldier–Pile Walls in Clay. The problem of vertical stability in flexible anchored retaining walls is analyzed and the pattern of the behavior under conditions of poor vertical support is described, on the basis of results from case histories, small-scale tests, and numerical …AWD SITEDRAIN products are available in a variety of widths and configurations to maximize coverage and minimize waste in soldier pile and lagging wall ... Soldier Pile Retaining Wall. Soldier pile retaining walls, also called soldier beam walls, are generally used at construction sites for temporary shoring. Steel piles are driven into the ground, or placed in drilled holes filled with lean concrete, at a spacing such that lagging can be placed between the piles, and the excavation can proceed ... Dock installation is an important aspect of waterfront property development. Whether you are building a residential dock for personal use or a commercial dock for business purposes...World War II was one of the deadliest conflicts in human history, with millions of lives lost on all sides. Among the casualties were soldiers who fought bravely for their respecti...The Deep Excavation blog covers topics on geotechnical engineering and deep excavation. It includes updates on DeepEX software for shoring design, professional workshops, and advancements in foundation . The blog also discusses new techniques like Google Maps integration in models and soldier pile wall analysis.When it comes to decorating your home, choosing the right wall coverings can make a significant impact on the overall aesthetic. One option that has been gaining popularity in rece...According to the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), a sentinel pile is an external lump that develops around the rectum as a result of anal fissures. In some ca...An anchored wall is one type of earth retention system that uses vertical struc- tural elements (soldier piles) to define the perimeter of the excavation.I-beam retaining walls, or “soldier pile walls,” are ideal for supporting the heavier weights of decks or pools on hillside properties. ... Search. A sheet-piling retaining wall costs $15 to $50 per square foot installed. Sheet-pile walls are the thinnest wall type, made of steel, and have concrete or wood caps on top.Dec 1, 2010 · The solution adopted was an anchored soldier pile wall of 8 m depth around the excavation, where the soldier piles (H section steel piles) were driven into semi dense silty sand. Two lines of ... Secant or tangent pile walls can be constructed in various soil conditions, including through cobbles and boulders. Secant pile walls retained by anchors or strutting systems are often supported by a waler beam to distribute the loads (prevent punching of anchor/strut through the pile) and as a mitigation measure for the unlikely event of an anchor/strut not …Soldier pile retaining wall is a type of retaining wall that uses steel beams and wood lagging to oppose or withstand the moment exerted by soil …Abstract An anchored soldier pile wall is used for deep excavation stabilisation in the vicinity of buildings which are sensitive to displacement. In the current study, a three-dimensional model of anchored soldier pile wall was created in Abaqus software to estimate displacement and internal forces, especially due to surcharge. The …The vertical stability of anchored concrete soldier-pile walls is highly influenced by the complexity of the interaction between the different parts of the structure, i.e., wall, anchors, and ...Soldier pile retaining walls, also called soldier beam walls, are generally used at construction sites for temporary shoring. Steel piles are driven into the ground, or placed in drilled holes filled with lean concrete, at a … Soldier pile walls are very typically used for temporarily vertical support of the ground during basement or cut-and-cover tunnel excavation, until the permanent basement or tunnel walls and slabs are constructed and achieve strength, at which time the permanent foundation walls would take over the excavation support. The basic construction ... Nov 5, 2017 · Learn how to design a cantilever soldier pile or embedded retaining wall for excavation heights over 5 ft (1.5 m) using different methods of backfill earth pressure and passive earth resistance. Find out how to check the structural beam reinforcement, loading diagram and slope at the toe or dredge line. I-beam retaining walls, or “soldier pile walls,” are ideal for supporting the heavier weights of decks or pools on hillside properties. ... Search. A sheet-piling retaining wall costs $15 to $50 per square foot installed. Sheet-pile walls are the thinnest wall type, made of steel, and have concrete or wood caps on top.Introduction:Soldier pile walls are a versatile and widely used method for retaining soil and preventing erosion in construction and civil engineering projects. Among the various techniques for installing soldier piles, two stand out as popular choices: driven and drilled soldier piles. In this article, we'll explore the fundamental differences between these two …Soldier piles adalah struktur dinding penahan tanah yang terdiri dari rangkaian bored pile dengan jarak tertentu. (Tidak kedap air). Soldier Piles, Proyek OLEOS Office Building. Contiguous Bored Piles Contiguous bored pile wall adalah struktur dinding penahan tanah sementara (temporary) yang kedap air yang terdiri dari …Abstract An anchored soldier pile wall is used for deep excavation stabilisation in the vicinity of buildings which are sensitive to displacement. In the current study, a three-dimensional model of anchored soldier pile wall was created in Abaqus software to estimate displacement and internal forces, especially due to surcharge. The …28 Jan 2018 ... Look behind a soldier pile retaining wall to see the hidden features. Designed in Blender. https://www.blender.org/ Rendered with Sheep-it.The anchored soldier pile wall adopts reinforced concrete cast-in-place bored pile with a diameter of 1.2 m and the center-to-center distance of 1.7 m and length of 39.0 m. Eight rows of anchor cables are set up vertically to anchor the soldier pile wall, the spacing of the upper 4 layers of anchors is 2.8 m, and the lower 4 layers of anchors are …5 Nov 2017 ... Then you should plot Shear, Moment, Slope and Deflection with Depth. Also a check should be made on P-M interaction if we have axial loads. In ...Fresh off of the Marvel Cinematic Universe’s (MCU) first foray into live-action television, many of us are still mulling over WandaVision and the Scarlet Witch (Elizabeth Olsen). S...An example of analyzing one soldier pile retaining wall is presented in this paper to illustrate the proposed method. The simplified method of accounting for the soil-pile-wall interaction may be used to estimate the lateral soil seismic driving forces on piles/walls without the uncertainty in determining the seismic coefficient related to the …Learn how to design soldier pile and lagging walls for deep excavations with DeepEX shoring design software. Find out the advantages, disadvantages and analysis methods of this old but versatile retaining …With these forces, the stability of the pile is analyzed using the STAAD. Pro software. For parametric study three different pile diameters of 0.45m, 0.6m and 0.9m are considered. Deflections ...Apr 15, 2021 · Anchor Installation. Anchors are typically installed on the 2nd lift of the soldier pile wall at a depth of 8′ to 10′. The anchors can be angled up to 45 degrees to get below existing utilities. Additional rows of anchors are installed every 10′ to 15′ feet below the 1st row of anchors. Soldier pile walls are very common and are used extensively as shoring walls. Permanent soldier pile walls usually have a cast-in-place fascia applied to take the place of the timber lagging as it deteriorates. A fascia panel also beautifies a soldier pile wall, which for its simplicity of design could also be described as ugly. Soldier pile ...Soldier pile retaining walls, also called soldier beam walls, are generally used at construction sites for temporary shoring. Steel piles are driven into the ...Therefore, a rational method of analysis and design must include the nonlinear soil-resistance-displacement relationships, pile spacings, penetration depths and structural properties. PYWALL considers soil-structure interaction by using a beam-column model and can analyze the behavior of a flexible retaining …The average salary of a legionary, the official title of a Roman soldier, was approximately only 112 denarii per year. This amount was doubled during the reign of Julius Caesar to ...Vertical Stability of Anchored Concrete Soldier–Pile Walls in Clay. The problem of vertical stability in flexible anchored retaining walls is analyzed and the pattern of the behavior under conditions of poor vertical support is described, on the basis of results from case histories, small-scale tests, and numerical …In construction industry, Soldier pile retaining wall with timber laggings is one of the most common retaining walls. It is relatively fastest and cheapest method. Stability of the soldier pile retaining wall is the main consideration during the design and construction period. To predict the lateral wall deformation for excavations, it is important to perform a numerical …16. ABSTRACT Despite the prevalence of the soldier piles retaining wall systems as temporary and even permanent shoring systems along state highways, relatively little is known on the effect of the foreslope bench width and the slope inclination on the arching capability factor used in design codes and standards.Introduction:Soldier pile walls are a versatile and widely used method for retaining soil and preventing erosion in construction and civil engineering projects. Among the various techniques for installing soldier piles, two stand out as popular choices: driven and drilled soldier piles. In this article, we'll explore the fundamental differences between these two …Tangent piles do not overlap but are intended to effectively touch or almost touch. The constructed tangent pile wall is used to retain lateral loads and may receive a permanent façade to reduce the costs of an additional interior cast wall. Advantages. Increased construction alignment flexibility. Increased wall stiffness compared to …
For deeper excavations, soldier pile walls can be braced with structural steel waler-beams and struts, ground anchors or dead-man tie-backs. Advantages of Soldier Piling. A fast, simple means of providing temporary or permanent support for excavations. Cost-effective in relatively dense, self-supporting ground with little or …. How do i be social
Oct 13, 2023 · A retaining wall costs $20 to $50 per square foot on average or up to $150 per square foot for complex layouts, specialty materials, and sloped or limited-access sites. Cost per square foot to build a retaining wall. Wall type. Total cost per square foot. Cinder block (CMU) $20 – $35. Poured concrete. required for precast concrete panels for retaining wall no. . paint galvanized h-piles gray or black in accordance with article 442-13 of the standard specifications for retaining wall no. . use a soldier pile retaining wall with a cip reinforced concrete face for retaining wall no. . a architectural finish is required forApr 15, 2021 · Anchor Installation. Anchors are typically installed on the 2nd lift of the soldier pile wall at a depth of 8′ to 10′. The anchors can be angled up to 45 degrees to get below existing utilities. Additional rows of anchors are installed every 10′ to 15′ feet below the 1st row of anchors. According to the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), a sentinel pile is an external lump that develops around the rectum as a result of anal fissures. In some ca...designs of retaining walls to replace the bored pile walls were adopted: (1) Gravity walls with sloping wall backs (also known as the goose-shaped wall). (2) Composite retaining walls formed by integrating a permanent soldier pile wall temporarily supported by tie-backs with a permanent reversed L-shaped reinforced concrete … Drill Tech has installed over 1,000,000 square feet of soldier pile retaining walls, using both driven and drilled beams, with and without tiebacks. Soldier pile walls provide support through the stiffness of the steel beams supported by the ground below the finished grade. They are effective earth retention systems in both “fill” and ... ABSTRACT. In this study, a numerical iteration method is proposed to analyze the behavior of tieback soldier pile walls sustaining complex external loads. The proposed iteration method integrates the analysis features of the common engineering analysis software LPILE and SAP2000, which is a refined 2D …Sheet piles can be arranged into geometric shapes to form cofferdams, allowing permanent in-ground construction to take place, such as a pier foundation in the middle of a river. Sheet pile retaining walls and cofferdams are usually restrained with steel bracing, soldier piles, anchors and deadmen.Soldier Pile retaining walls are cantilevered earth retaining walls and are a complete engineered solution. The wall system is a combination of W-section structural steel posts which are imbedded into augured cylindrical concrete footings with precast lagging panels & copings installed between and spanning from post to post.Soldier pile walls can be further classified as walls with wooden laggings, walls with concrete laggings, and tangent pile walls [28]. Soldier pile walls with wooden or concrete laggings consist ...Soldier Pile Walls. [info]Further spacing out of the pile centres produce soldier pile walls. Based on a competent geotechnical profile, such that the piles stand alone and panels or arches between the piles transfer loading to these soldier piles provide the shoring restraint. [/info] Ausipile can design a system for your next … Soldier pile walls are formed by: 1. Constructing soldier piles at regular intervals (6 ft to 12 ft, typical) 2. Excavating in small stages and installing lagging. 3. Backfilling and compacting the void space behind the lagging. Moment resistance in soldier pile and lagging walls is provided solely by the soldier piles. What are the Benefits of a Soldier Pile Retaining Wall? Cost-effective: Soldier pile retaining walls are relatively cost-effective compared to other types of retaining walls. …Soldier piling is a retaining wall solution that is effective in ground conditions which range from stiff clay to rock where it is not practical to drive lightweight sheet piling. Soldier Piles can be used as either temporary shoring or permanent walls and may also be designed to carry building loads. The suitability of a soldier pile system is ...designs of retaining walls to replace the bored pile walls were adopted: (1) Gravity walls with sloping wall backs (also known as the goose-shaped wall). (2) Composite retaining walls formed by integrating a permanent soldier pile wall temporarily supported by tie-backs with a permanent reversed L-shaped reinforced concrete … Soldier pile walls consist of wide flange posts – primary structural elements, and lagging panels – secondary structural elements. The former is either forced into the ground to an adequate depth or installed into prebored holes, which are drilled along the planned wall alignment in advance, then encased in lean concrete; the latter is placed horizontally after excavation is completed and ... Dock installation is an important aspect of waterfront property development. Whether you are building a residential dock for personal use or a commercial dock for business purposes...OKA “Post & Board” retaining wall system has been developed based on design philosophy of soldier pile wall. The soldier pile is designed either as simple cantilever or as tie-back system on less favorable ground conditions. Material specifications in principal satisfy Section 7 of BS 8004:1986 on the requirements … Soldier Pile retaining walls are cantilevered earth retaining walls and are a complete engineered solution. The wall system is a combination of W-section structural steel posts which are imbedded into augured cylindrical concrete footings with precast lagging panels & copings installed between and spanning from post to post. Soldier pile walls are common piled walls for basements where ground conditions are generally consistent soils, clays or rock. Piles are typically drilled at ... Soldier Pile retaining walls are cantilevered earth retaining walls and are a complete engineered solution. The wall system is a combination of W-section structural steel posts which are imbedded into augured cylindrical concrete footings with precast lagging panels & copings installed between and spanning from post to post. .