Most researchers and experts concur that the earliest stories of Old Norse mythology date back to about 1000 AD. However, images and symbols depicted on runes, rock art, or old Scandinavian gold medals and pendants, known as “bracteates,” go back to the fifth century AD or even earlier. What Are the Early …Muh. 23, 1444 AH ... ... Learn languages on italki & receive a $10 ... Old East Norse. The differences ... The reason he's using Old West Norse is because all Old Norse&nbs...A new introduction to learning Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas - as an e-book. “Viking Language 1 - Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas”, 2nd upgraded edition. Everything necessary to learn or teach Old Norse, runes, and sagas. Graded lessons, saga readings, runic inscriptions, grammar exercises, pronunciation, maps, history ... NION I–III A New Introduction to Old Norse I: Grammar; II: Reader; III: Glossary and Index of Names nom. nominative NP noun phrase ON Old Norse pass. passive pl. plural pos. positive pp. past participle pres. present refl. reflexive REFL. POSS. reflexive possessive sg. singular subj. subject; subjunctive sup. superlative vb. verb 1-16 of 973 results for "learn old norse" Results. Viking Language 1 Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas (Viking Language Series) Book 1 of 6: Viking Language Old Norse Icelandic Series | by Jesse L. Byock | Jan 1, 2017. 4.8 out of 5 stars 681. Paperback. $39.99 $ 39. 99. FREE delivery Fri, Sep 29 . Old Norse for Beginners: The Complete Guide. Welcome to our site, OldNorse.org! We seek to educate on Old Norse teaching Old Scandinavian language, culture, and sagas. Learn Old Norse–the language the runes and myths of the Vikings–through user-friendly textbooks, online content, and blog. The best way to learn Old Norse is by becoming immersed in Old Scandinavian language, culture, and sagas. Our Viking Language series focuses on the language and history of the Viking Age, taking the learner on a journey deep into Icelandic sagas, heroic legends, Viking runes, Old Norse mythology and history. In addition to Viking Language 1 & 2 ... The Poetic Edda. The Poetic Edda, also known as the Elder Edda, is a collection of stories first written down about a thousand years ago. This translation, by Henry Adams Bellows, includes tales of a number of gods and goddesses, heroes and monsters, kings and warrior women. In the 13th century, an Icelandic poet …Old Norse is the medieval language of Iceland and Norway and a descendant of the language spoken by the Vikings. It is also the language in which the sagas and the …Old Norse for Beginners: The Complete Guide. Welcome to our site, OldNorse.org! We seek to educate on Old Norse teaching Old Scandinavian language, culture, and sagas. Learn Old Norse–the language the runes and myths of the Vikings–through user-friendly textbooks, online content, and blog. Here you will find books, free content, audio ... Introduction to Old Norse; Ari Þorgilsson: On the Settling of Iceland; from the Prologue of Snorra Edda; from the Grettis saga; from the Njáls saga; from the Egils saga; from the Tale of Bǫðvarr Bjarki; from the Battle of Stamford Bridge; The Waking of Angantýr; from the Vǫluspá; from the Hávamál; Selected Annotated Bibliography ... Old Norse is the language of the myths, sagas and poetry produced in Iceland and Norway during the Viking Age and beyond. This free app makes it possible to learn the sounds, word-forms and vocabulary necessary to read and enjoy Old Norse literature in its original language. Updated on. Apr 14, 2023. Education.Learning Old Norse is similar to learning Latin to understand the Latin translation of the Bible. It can be done, but be prepared for an uphill climb. While it’s difficult, reading through many Old Norse sagas in their ancient tongue is incredibly rewarding. Since Old Norse is considered a dead language, so it’s not as easy to learn as modern languages. … Learning Old Norse. This exhibit gathers together resources for the teaching and study of Old Norse, using items submitted to the World-Tree Project, as well as materials that are already available online. The Linguistics Research Centre at the University of Texas at Austin has a series called 'Early Indo-European Online' which includes online lessons for a number of historical languages, including one on Old Norse (developed by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum). It features a series of lessons introducing the grammar, but perhaps most useful ... Supplementary Exercises answers the need for a modern method to learn the language of the sagas. This new primer requires no previous language knowledge, and the beginner quickly starts reading original passages from Icelandic sagas, mythological texts, and sources about the Viking Age. Designed for quick learning on one’s own or in class ... Three figures on the Skog tapestry; they have been interpreted as the Norse gods Odin (one eye), Thor (hammer in hand) and Freyr. Old Norse religion, also known as Norse paganism, is a branch of Germanic religion which developed during the Proto-Norse period, when the North Germanic peoples separated into a distinct …Raj. 19, 1439 AH ... For anyone who wonders about how to say common everyday things in Old Norse (like “How are you ... Your browser can't play this video. Learn more.With roots in Norse mythology, it became a symbol of Christmas, morphed into a delicate dessert, made TV history, and is currently racking up online views by the hundreds of thousa...As of June of 2014, seven elements are named for mythological figures: Niobium, Promethium, Thorium, Tantalum, Mercury, Titanium and Vanadium. The names are derived from Roman, Gre...Both texts were in prose, but the Old Norse account, being the losing side, was very poetic and presented in an elegiac style allegoric to the Old English poem "The Battle of Maldon." I still work on translations because I find the languages themselves interesting. With any culture, learning the language can help learn more about that culture.Definitely not a traditional language-learning book. I bought it and so glad I did. I've always wanted to learn Old Norse. Well, this Series is the answer, providing best of both worlds. I get to learn Old Norse, so that I can read my beloved sagas in their original language, and I get to learn modern Icelandic at the same time! But the proof ...Old Norse did not exert any great influence on the Slavic languages in the Viking settlements of Eastern Europe. It has been speculated that the reason for this was the great differences between the two languages, combined with the Rus Vikings' more peaceful businesses in these areas, and the fact that they were outnumbered. The Norse named some of the rapids on the …The Son et Lumiere performance below, 'Triquetra', was produced for Illuminating York 2013 and projected onto Clifford’s Tower. It contains a number of recitations of Old Norse by scholars from York, Cambridge and Aberystwyth. For a less academic approach to the reconstruction of Old Norse, you might look at a clip from History Channel's Vikings.Jun 17, 2020 · 10K. 187K views 3 years ago Old Norse Lessons / Pronunciation. Learn Old Norse for free with an experienced expert instructor. This information-packed first lesson covers basic tips for... Jules William Press. Viking Language 1, Learn Old Norse, Runes and Icelandic Sagas, 2nd Edition (Book 1 in The Viking Language Series) by Jesse Byock is a new introduction to Old Norse, Icelandic sagas, and runes. The beginner has everything in one book: graded lessons, vocabulary, grammar exercises, pronunciation, extensive maps, and sections ...Jul 10, 2018 · An experienced teacher of Old Norse and Modern Icelandic shares some of the best available resources for studying these languages on your own.Dr. Jackson Cra... Jum. II 25, 1439 AH ... What language is closest to Old Norse? Every language (including Icelandic or Elfdalian/Älvdalska) is a mix of old and new features.In the very simplest terms, Norse Paganism is a type of pagan religion. Sometimes known as heathenry, Norse Paganism is based on the old Norse religion that was practised in Scandinavia before Christianity showed up. Followers of Norse Paganism believe that life is centred on a vast sacred tree called the Yggdrasil, which has different …Learn the latest blogging courses to create the best blogs for your small business so you can drive more people to your site and retail store * Required Field Your Name: * Your E-M...This four-year degree aims to develop your knowledge and understanding of the Viking Age through study of medieval and modern Scandinavian languages, Old Norse literature, and medieval history. Your third year is spent abroad at a university in Denmark, Iceland, Norway or Sweden, depending upon your language choice.A lot of Old Norse connections are evident in the modern-day languages of Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Faroese and Icelandic. Old Norse did not exert any great influence on the Slavic languages in the Viking settlements of Eastern Europe. It has been speculated that the reason for this was the great differences between the two languages ...Find the cheapest flights, hotels and travel deals from Atlanta. NEW Domestic & International nonstop routes rolling out in 2023 (some routes may be seasonal or not daily):Summer 2...Create your own compositions: Write and recite your own speeches, poems, or skits in Old Norse, using your knowledge of grammar and vocabulary to express your ideas. “Remember, language learning is a process, and it’s okay to make mistakes along the way. Keep practicing, stay committed, and celebrate your progress!”.Old Norse is the language of the myths, sagas and poetry produced in Iceland and Norway during the Viking Age and beyond. This free app makes it possible to learn the sounds, word-forms and vocabulary necessary to read and enjoy Old Norse literature in its original language. Updated on. Apr 14, 2023. Education.Jun 23, 2022 · 33 modern books on runes and old norse. Addeddate 2022-06-23 20:51:57 Identifier viking-language-learn-old-norse-runes Saf. 13, 1442 AH ... So Elder Futhark went out of use before the Viking Age, when Old Norse was spoken ... learn, free of both ivory tower elitism and ... Old Norse and ... The thing about dead languages is that you generally don't have to learn how to speak, you only need to understand it in written form. That reduces the difficulty of Old Norse significantly. I'd say it's much harder to learn how to speak German than to read Old Norse. Also, I think German is very helpful for learning Old Norse. Mar 6, 2024 · About this App. On this page you can download Learn Old Norse: Language and install on Windows PC. Learn Old Norse: Language is free Education App, developed by A. Hadden. Latest version of Learn Old Norse: Language is 1.0.0, was released on Mar 6, 2024 (updated on Mar 6, 2024). Estimated number of the downloads is more than 5. Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas is the first volume of a new textbook authored by J. L. Byock. It is an ambitious project, aiming to serve as an “introduction to Old Norse and Icelandic” (see back cover). The first volume is meant for beginners in the field, and is said to provide “everything in one book ...Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas is an introduction to the language of the Vikings offering in one book graded lessons, vocabulary, grammar exercises, pronunciation, student guides, and maps. It explains Old Icelandic literature, Viking history, and mythology. Readings include runestones, legends, and sagas.This course is an introduction to the religion of the Vikings as it is recorded in Old Norse and Scandinavian literature from the medieval period. You will learn about the different …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas is an introduction to the language of the Vikings offering in one book graded lessons, vocabulary, grammar exercises, pronunciation, student guides, and maps. It explains Old Icelandic literature, Viking history, and mythology. Readings include runestones, legends, and sagas. r/Norse is a subreddit dedicated to the academic discussion of Norse and Viking history, mythology, language, art and culture. New Old Norse app. Hi everyone! My name's Tom Grant and I'm a researcher in Old Norse at Utrecht University. I've developed a free app for learning Old Norse which I hope will be helpful to you all. Supplementary Exercises answers the need for a modern method to learn the language of the sagas. This new primer requires no previous language knowledge, and the beginner quickly starts reading original passages from Icelandic sagas, mythological texts, and sources about the Viking Age. Designed for quick learning on one’s own or in class ... In Geirvald's view, the runes also seem to have stoked a real interest in "learning Old Norse properly". Although the runes in God of War have been heavily adapted from their source material, ...The Poetic Edda. The Poetic Edda, also known as the Elder Edda, is a collection of stories first written down about a thousand years ago. This translation, by Henry Adams Bellows, includes tales of a number of gods and goddesses, heroes and monsters, kings and warrior women. In the 13th century, an Icelandic poet …PREFACE This fourth edition of A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part II: Reader contains, in addition to all those in previous editions, nine new texts: extracts from The Book of Settlements, the Saga of Eiríkr the Red (about an expedition to Vínland), Njáls saga, a law-book (Grágás), a learned text (treatise on physiognomy), examples of Old Danish and OldJul 10, 2018 · An experienced teacher of Old Norse and Modern Icelandic shares some of the best available resources for studying these languages on your own.Dr. Jackson Cra... Norman or Norman French (Normaund, French: Normand ⓘ, Guernésiais: Normand, Jèrriais: Nouormand) is a Romance language which can be classified as a langue d'oïl, which also includes French, Picard and Walloon.The name "Norman French" is sometimes used to describe not only the Norman language, but also the …If you have a spiritual reason for wanting to learn Norse songs in particular, I suggest opening yourself up to modern compositions as well. Skald's song Run features a lyre. Learning the chords and words is a lot of work, but worth it …Whether you want to learn a new language, learn to cook, take up a musical instrument, or just get more out of the books you read, it helps to know how your brain learns. While eve...Old Norse language, classical North Germanic language used from roughly 1150 to 1350. It is the literary language of the Icelandic sagas, skaldic poems, and Eddas. The term Old Norse embraces Old Norwegian as well as Old Icelandic, but it is sometimes used interchangeably with the latter term because Icelandic records of this period are more plentiful …Jules William Press, Sep 11, 2018 - Foreign Language Study - 366 pages. Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas, 2nd upgraded edition. New, smaller book size with same content. Everything necessary to learn and teach Old Norse. Graded lessons, saga readings, runic inscriptions, grammar exercises, and pronunciation.Sep 5, 2018 · Download a -FREE ANSWER KEY- to Viking Language 1 learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas at www.vikinglanguage.com. The Viking Language Series is a new method for learning Old Norse, runes, and Icelandic sagas. It concentrates on the most frequent words in the sagas, and beginners to advanced learn quickly. Sources for learning Old Norse are not limited to books and audio lessons. Plenty of websites offer free, interactive lessons for beginners and other levels of learners. …Learning Old Norse. by. Mustafa Umut Sarac. Publication date. 2022-06-23. Usage. Public Domain Mark 1.0. Topics. Learning - Old Norse - Rune - Runes - Self Study - Grammar - Dictionary.This is a free online course in Old Norse for beginners. It is not completed but it should be enough to get the beginner on the move. These pages also contain things of interest to …E-Book Overview. “Viking Language 1 - Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas” 2nd upgraded edition. Everything necessary to learn or teach Old Norse, runes, and sagas. Graded lessons, saga readings, runic inscriptions, grammar exercises, pronunciation, maps, history sections, student grammar guide, and vocabulary teach Old Norse ...Old Norse did not exert any great influence on the Slavic languages in the Viking settlements of Eastern Europe. It has been speculated that the reason for this was the great differences between the two languages, combined with the Rus Vikings' more peaceful businesses in these areas, and the fact that they were outnumbered. The Norse named some of the rapids on the …We seek to educate on Old Norse teaching Old Scandinavian language, culture, and sagas. Learn Old Norse–the language the runes and myths of the Vikings–through user-friendly textbooks, online content, and blog. …Learn Old Norse APP. Old Norse is the language of the myths, sagas and poetry produced in Iceland and Norway during the Viking Age and beyond. This free app makes it possible to learn the sounds, word-forms and vocabulary necessary to read and enjoy Old Norse literature in its original …Jun 23, 2022 · Learning Old Norse. by. Mustafa Umut Sarac. Publication date. 2022-06-23. Usage. Public Domain Mark 1.0. Topics. Learning - Old Norse - Rune - Runes - Self Study - Grammar - Dictionary. The three types of basic magic found in Norse mythology include seiðr, galdr, and Runic magic. Galdr is an incanatation; seiðr was more similar to a ritual; Runic magic incorporated runic inscriptions to heal, cast spells on enemies, or protect in battle. The Gods like Odin and Thor in Old Norse sagas used these types of magic.Once you have a decent handle on Icelandic, learning to read Old Norse and even learning the reconstructed medieval pronunciation will be fairly easy. From the perspective of the written language, you might say this is similar to going from the written English of today to reading Shakespeare, perhaps even a little easier. ...Jun 23, 2022 · 33 modern books on runes and old norse. Addeddate 2022-06-23 20:51:57 Identifier viking-language-learn-old-norse-runes 08. Oct. The Vikings were known for their seafaring skills, raids, and conquests. But what language did the Vikings speak? The answer is Old Norse, one of the ancient dialects of … 1- look into icelandic language lessons. 2 - look up sources where the language is used, runestones, messages written on sticks etc, learn younger futhark, read about the context of these things and what the interpretation s were and why they came to that conclusion. 3 - find academic material on interpretation of old norse, usually many ... This page is the fourth part of a five-part article on the runes. The other four parts are: Part I: Introduction Part II: The Origins of the Runes Part III: Runic Philosophy and Magic Part V: The 10 Best Books on the Runes This section provides the sign, name, phoneme (sound), and short description of … Continue reading The Meanings of …ALSO AVAILABLE and very useful for learning Old Norse, two specially prepared audio MP3 download OLD NORSE PRONUNCIATION ALBUMS. Titled ”VIKING LANGUAGE 1: AUDIO LESSONS 1-8: (Pronounce Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas)” and Viking Language 1: “Audio Lessons 9-15." To search the “Viking Language audio lessons” go to … Additional Sources. In this module you will learn about the secondary family of gods in Norse mythology, the Vanir. They are hardly to be considered less important than the Æsir, but especially in Snorri's Christianized version of the mythology, the Vanir's role is diminished. Here you will learn about the primary Vanir: Njörðr, Freyr and ... Old Norse for Beginners - Lesson Nine by Haukur Þorgeirsson and Óskar Guðlaugsson Table of Contents Grammar 1.1 Genitive Case: PartitionThere are some more uses to the genitive case than possession, presented last lesson. This can be seen through observation of the English genitive; in English, this case is marked by 's, for possession exclusively,The Viking Language Series is an innovative method for learning Old Norse - spoken by Vikings and Icelanders - runes, sagas, eddic and skaldic poetry, and the culture of the …A Norse–German dictionary of eddic poetry. png, pdf: Heggstad: An outstanding dictionary of Old Norse, in a current revision, but it translates into Nynorsk. hardback: Lexicon poeticum: A Norse–Danish poetic dictionary. Its first edition is Norse–Neolatin. png, pdf: Zoëga: A shorter Norse–English dictionary, based on … Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas (the first book in the Viking Language Series) is a new introduction to Old Norse and Icelandic. The beginner has everything in one book: Graded lessons, reading passages, vocabulary, grammar exercises, and pronunciation. A full complement of maps, runic in iPhone. iPad. Old Norse is the language of the myths, sagas and poetry produced in Iceland and Norway during the Viking Age and beyond. This free app makes it possible to gain the skills necessary to read and enjoy Old Norse literature in its original language. It features a wide variety of lessons on most aspects of Old Norse grammar, as well ...Feb 1, 2024 · valknut. Proto-Scandinavian language. (Show more) Old Norse language, classical North Germanic language used from roughly 1150 to 1350. It is the literary language of the Icelandic sagas, skaldic poems, and Edda s. The term Old Norse embraces Old Norwegian as well as Old Icelandic, but it is sometimes used interchangeably with the latter term ... Learning Old Norse Today. For those interested in delving into the fascinating world of the Old Norse language, there are several resources available to help you learn. Whether you prefer traditional classroom settings or online learning platforms, there are options to suit your needs. Viking Language Courses . One option for learning Old Norse is to take a language course …Landing a corporate client can potentially lead to exponential growth for your small business. Attend this event to learn how. Landing a corporate client can potentially lead to ex...We currently have three faculty members with permanent posts who specialize in Old Norse: Sian Grønlie works on medieval conversion narratives, saints’ lives, biblical interpretation, saga literature and storytelling. Her most recent book is The Saint and the Saga Hero: Hagiography and Early Icelandic Literature (2017).Norse Atlantic's latest route network development will see the return of super low-cost fares between New York and Paris. We may be compensated when you click on product links, suc...We seek to educate on Old Norse teaching Old Scandinavian language, culture, and sagas. Learn Old Norse–the language the runes and myths of the Vikings–through user-friendly textbooks, online content, and blog. …Jun 17, 2020 · 10K. 187K views 3 years ago Old Norse Lessons / Pronunciation. Learn Old Norse for free with an experienced expert instructor. This information-packed first lesson covers basic tips for... The Norse Gods. There are two tribes of gods in Norse mythology: the Æsir and the Vanir. The Æsir are the main gods in Norse mythology and live in Asgard. Notable Æsir include Odin, Þórr (Thor), Frigg, Heimdall, Týr, Bragi, Iðunn (Idunn), Baldr, and Loki (though not always).It's likely that humans will evolve to need more sleep. Find out if we will learn to live without sleep at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement For many people, sleep may seem like a waste...A Beginner’s Guide to Studying the Ancient Language. September 17, 2022. Are you fascinated by the Viking age and want to learn about their language and culture? …Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas is the first volume of a new textbook authored by J. L. Byock. It is an ambitious project, aiming to serve as an “introduction to Old Norse and Icelandic” (see back cover). The first volume is meant for beginners in the field, and is said to provide “everything in one book: graded lessons, vocabulary, grammar, …
Lessons. Introduction to Old Norse. Ari Þorgilsson: On the Settling of Iceland. from the Prologue of Snorra Edda. from the Grettis saga. from the Njáls saga. from the Egils saga. …. Watch smiling friends
PREFACE This fourth edition of A New Introduction to Old Norse, Part II: Reader contains, in addition to all those in previous editions, nine new texts: extracts from The Book of Settlements, the Saga of Eiríkr the Red (about an expedition to Vínland), Njáls saga, a law-book (Grágás), a learned text (treatise on physiognomy), examples of Old Danish and OldiPhone. iPad. Old Norse is the language of the myths, sagas and poetry produced in Iceland and Norway during the Viking Age and beyond. This free app makes it possible to gain the skills necessary to read and enjoy Old Norse literature in its original language. It features a wide variety of lessons on most aspects of Old Norse grammar, as well ...Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken among the people who inhabited the Scandinavian peninsula and Denmark from roughly the 9th until the …Step 6: Use your Bind Rune. This is the last step, I promise! After you create your bind rune, put it somewhere where you can see it. For example, in your altar, your work desk, at your front door, carry it in your handbag…. This will serve as a reminder of your goal. Keep the bind rune until you achieve it.Old Norse for Beginners: The Complete Guide. Welcome to our site, OldNorse.org! We seek to educate on Old Norse teaching Old Scandinavian language, culture, and sagas. Learn Old Norse–the language the runes and myths of the Vikings–through user-friendly textbooks, online content, and blog. Here you will find books, free content, audio ...Tigers swim in order to cool off, trap prey and relax. Learn where tigers swim, why other big cats don't join in the fun and who the heck Odin is. Advertisement In Norse mythology,...Mar 13, 2024 · Learn Old Norse pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary During the 10th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken European language. It reached from settlements in North America (Vinland) all the way to Volga, in present-day Russia. Modern descendants of the language include Icelandic and Norwegian, so learning Old Norse would give you a leg up if either interests you.Once you have a decent handle on Icelandic, learning to read Old Norse and even learning the reconstructed medieval pronunciation will be fairly easy. From the perspective of the written language, you might say this is similar to going from the written English of today to reading Shakespeare, perhaps even a little easier. ...The best way to learn Old Norse is by becoming immersed in Old Scandinavian language, culture, and sagas. Learn More. Viking language series. Learn to read Old Norse and runes - the language of the Vikings. ABOUT. Tales of the viking Age series. Journey into the Viking Age with our series of historical fiction novels. CONTACT. Dual language Icelandic Saga series. Read …Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas is the first volume of a new textbook authored by J. L. Byock. It is an ambitious project, aiming to serve as an “introduction to Old Norse and Icelandic” (see back cover). The first volume is meant for beginners in the field, and is said to provide “everything in one book: graded lessons, vocabulary, grammar, …Explore the nine-world's, learn about the god of war Týr, or discover meaningful Old Norse names, Viking names, and much more. Increase your knowledge of Midgard, Asgard, and more! Reveal your inner pagan today! Calendar Participate and learn about viking or pagan celebrated events & season's with your new pagan Calendar!Heimdall is a god of light, and is the keeper of the Bifrost Bridge, which serves as the path between Asgard and Midgard in Norse mythology. He is the guardian of the gods, and when the world ends at Ragnarok, Heimdall will sound a magical horn to alert everyone. Heimdall is ever-vigilant, and is destined to be …Take your online Old Norse course now, from Beginner (A1), Elementary (A2), Intermediate (B1), Upper-Intermediate (B2), Advanced (C1), up to Proficiency level (C2), all depending on your needs. Start learning now by signing up and finding Old Norse tutors on Justlearn who could teach you their language..